The types and role of the Economy

Di Simone Bagnato.

In economic affair there are the types and role of the economy.
Economies differ in the economic resources: land, labour and capital.
To decide how allocate resources and all economies must find the answer to 3 basic question which relate to the production and distribution of goods and services: What should be produced? How should it be produced? For whom should it be produced? Not all countries have the same method of organising their economy.
There are 3 economic system: -the free market system, the mixed economy and the planned system.
The government completely controls production in a planned economy.

SMITH and KEYNES, the two innovators:

Adam Smith (1723-90) was one of the first real economists. He was a Scotsman. In 1776 he wrote a very famous book called Inquiry the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. This established theories relating to labour, distribution, wages, prices and money. Smith also formulated the theory of the natural freedom of trade and commerce, laissez-faire, which changed the field of economics significantly and also shaped the political theory of the century.

John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) was an English baron, whose wellknown works The economic Consequences of the Peace (1919), A Treatise on Money (1930) and The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936) made him one of the most famous economists of the twentieth century. Keynes believed in a planned economy and encouraged government spending in excess of revenue by borrowing to finance the deficit.

the free market system & mixed economy

Di Cuman Manuela

Also known as the capitalist system or the laissez faire system. In this economy production decision are made by consumer and producers. No countries in the world has a completely free economy. There is no government control over land, labour and capital. There are many advantages and disadvantages:


The price mechanism is a process in a free economy by which prices of goods and services are determined by demand made by the consumers.

The mixed economy
have features of both the free market system and planned system. The government operates and control the public sector & the private sector ( that a part of economy controlled by private firms and individuals) is governed by the price mechanism and market forces; most modern western countries have mainly market economies.

THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT

di Brizi Fabio

The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom.
It is headed by the Monarch, who is the official Head of State.
The parliament is situated in Westminster Palace in London and it has different functions such as pass low, provide the means of carrying on the work of government, scrutinise government policy and administration including proposals of expenditure and debate the major issues of the day.

The parliament is bicameral, with an upper house, the House of Lords, and a lower house, the House of Commons.
The House of Commons is formed of 659 elected Members of Parliament, they are elected by the people of the UK.
The House of Lords, instead, is formed of 92 hereditary peers, about 500 life peers, 27 Law Lords and 26 Lords Spiritual.

The symbols of the EU

Di Serena Di Giovanni

- FLAG

The flag adopted by the council of Europe has been used as the European union flag since 1986.
It consists of a circle of twelve gold stars on a blue background (twelve being the number that represents perfection and completeness).





- EURO
The euro has adopted in 12 member states and enter in to circulation on 1st January 2002 and is the European single currency. Britain, Denmark and Sweden have chosen not to join.

- ANTHEM

The European anthem is " Ode to Joy", adapted from the final movement of Beethoven’ s 9th symphony and it was adopted by the council of the Europe in 1972 and has been used since 1986.







- EUROPEAN DAY

On May 9th 1950, Robert Schuman presented his proposal on the creation of an organised Europe, indispensable to the maintenance of peaceful relations. This proposal, know as the ‘Schuman declaration’, is considered to be beginning of the creation of what is now the European symbol (Europe Day), the occasion for activities and festivities that bring Europe closer to its citizens and peoples of the Union closer to one another.

The Advantages of being European

Di Giulia D'Ambrosio



* Freedom to Travel

Europeans can travel wherever they want in most of the European Union countries without carrying a passport and without being stopped for checks at the borders.





* A Bigger Market

Europeans can buy anything in any EU countries and take it to another EU country without paying customs duties.
They can also deposit their money in a bank in any member country and banks can establish branches anywhere inside the EU.




* More Study and Work Opportunities

EU citizens can study in any of the EU member countries. Programmes, such as Erasmus, give young people an opportunity to continue their studies and personal development in another EU country.
Work barriers have also been removed. For example doctors, architects and other professionals can practise in the country of their choice.





* Health protection and Security

EU citizens who have an accident or are ill in any country inside the EU can receive free medical care or reimbursement in their home country.

THE USA

di Maurizio Angelo Volpe

The USA is a federal republic. The government in divided into three separate groups: the Federal Government, the State government and Local Government. The Federal government based in WC decides questions regarding the whole country such as relationships with the other countries, national defence, citizenship and finance.
The American constitution divides the power of the Federal Government into three branches: the executive, headed by the President; the Legislative, headed by both House of Congress(the Senate, the House of Representatives) and the Judicial which is headed by the Supreme Court.
The USA is a presidential system where the powers are separate: the executive and the legislature cannot hold office in both branches. Each branch serves as a check on the actions of the other.
Other governmental activities are the responsibility of the individual States. Each State has its own government with a governor at its head and its own constitution and law(e.g. death penalty)
Within each State there are countries, townships, cities and village, each with its own elected Local Government which provides local services.

The American Constitution
The US Constitution is the oldest written document, it adopted in 1790.
The Constitution has two main sections: the document and the amendments. The document has never been changed, it list because the Constitution was written and specifies the basic form of government and outlines the powers and duties of each federal branch ok government, along with other powers and duties belonging to the states. The Constitution limits the role of each branch to prevent any one branch to gaining undue power.
Amendments have been added to the Constitution to guarantee specific rights and to solve problems. At the present there are 27 amendments and more can be added, for this reason is called ‘a living document’. It is able to adapt to changing situations.
The Constitution is called ‘supreme law’ because no other laws may contradict any of its principles and no person or government is exempt from following it.

The President of the USA
He/she is the chief executive of the Federal Government and is elected by the people.
According to the Constitution all natural-born citizens of the USA who have lived in the country for at least 14 years and are 35 or over, may run for president. Presidential elections occur every four years and each president may not serve more than two terms. Political parties chose the candidates in the months before the General Election. The major political parties are the Democratic and the Republican Parties.

The New President is inaugurated on January 20 and receives his powers from the Constitution and the Congress, he can put forward people as Ambassadors, Justices of the Supreme Court and other high Government Officials but the Senate, however, can vote to reject his suggestions.

Teleworking

Di Caterina Capitummino

TELEWORKING

Teleworking also called ‘telecommuting’ or ‘cybercommuting’ refers to the practice of working from home using information technology (IT). It is becoming more widespread. Many companies have already discovered the benefits of allowing staff to carry out their daily duties from the comfort of their own homes.

According to a recent survey by the International Labour Organisation, an increasing number of people, especially in industrialised countries, are e-workers. In some countries the number of e-workers is around 5% of the total workforce.

The advantaged are:

• You save traveling time and money
• You have more control over your work and other parts of your life
• You have no interruptions, gossip or office politics
• You can have an improved quality of life
• You have a greater opportunity for community involvement
• It’s good for the environment
• You can contribute to reduce heir pollution

The disadvantaged are:

• You need a high degree of personal motivation
• You need a space to work in
• You are more dependent on technology
• There is a potential lack of human contact
• You could be frozen out in office politic
• You can never escape from the office
• There is less distinction between work and home

Internet and the World Wide Web

di Carotenuto Francesca

The Internet is a worldwide network of connected computers. It was originally designed for the US Department of Defense in the late 1960s as a way to communicate if all the other lines failed.
The Internet world is immense and is always changing; it expands every second and it is estimated to double in size every 11 months.
A modem inserted in a computer or a mobile phone converts data into electronic signals and sends them to your service provider.
The service provider launches the information onto the Internet. The package is sent from one network to another via a special device called a ‘router’.
It examines each packet and decides on the best route to send it to its final destination.
The package can pass through several routers which could be in different countries before the message reaches the final receiver.
The World Wide Web(WWW) was invented in 1989 by the Londoner Tim Berners-Lee.
It transformed the Internet by greatly simplifying the process of searching for, accessing and sharing information making it more accessible to a non-technical audience.
As the Web’s popularity rose, a new industry emerged to create software and content for the Web. This made the Web more attractive for users and encouraged more companies to provide Internet access.
In 1994,there were only 500 Web sites worldwide; today the Web has almost three billion pages and it is estimated to double every 53 days. It now contains an endless variety and quantity of information. The information comes in all forms.
Amongst other things, a Web navigator can shop for things, listen to music, watch a film, learn a language, enter virtual chat rooms or create a new Web site.

The planned system

di Esmeralda Shehu


The Planned System


Also known as the command system or the collectivist system.
The government decides what is the made, how and where it is made, how mauch of it is made and how distribution takes places.
The resources are controlled by the government on behalf of producers and consumers, Price levls are not determined directly by the forces of supply and demand, but are fixed by the government.
The system however is not so successful when consumer desires and wants are greate, as they are throughout the world today.

THE MAIN EU INSTITUTIONS

di Malik Yuliana

I The European Parliament formed of:

• 732 members (MEPs – Members of European Parliament) elected every 5 years by the people of the Members States
• They meet in Strasbourg
• It is the only European institutions to be elected by European citizens. All the other institutions aren’t elected but are appointed.

Main powers:

• legislative power: it can make laws with the Council
• supervision of the executive
• budgetary powers: it votes on the annual budget and oversees its implementation

II The European commission the Union’s executive body

• 27 independent members are for each country, including a president and 2 vice-president
• Appointed for a 5 years term, by agreement among the Member States

Main responsibility

• Responsible for implementing the European legislation budget and programmes adopted by Parliament and the Council

III The Council of the Union (Council of Ministers)

• Consists of the Ministers of the Member States responsible for the matters on the agenda: foreign affairs, farming, industry, etc.
• Each country in the Union in turn holds the chair for six months
• Decisions are prepared by the Committee of Permanent Representative of the Member States, assisted by working parties of national government officials. The Council is assisted by its General Secretariat.

IV The Court of Justice

• Composed of one judge per Member State assisted by eight ‘advocates-general’
• Appointed for six years by agreement among the Member States

Main functions

• Ensures that all rules decided in the EU are followed in practice and are understood in the same way everywhere
• Settles disputes over how the EU treaties and legislative are interpreted

V The Court of Auditors

• Composed of one member per EU country
• Appointed for six years by the Council after consulting the European Parliament
• Ensures that financial management is sound
• Audits Union revenue and expenditure to make sure it is lawful and proper

NEW PATTERNS OF WORK IN THE LABOUR MARKET

di De Piano Raffaele

Flexible work hours
Part-time work, flexitime and job-sharing have grown in importance in these last decades. Job sharing means that two or more people share a full-time position. It gives people the possibility of working part-time or of working for one company from Monday to Wednesday and then for another from Thursday to Friday.

Flexible contracts
Fixed-term contracts are often agreed between employers and employee. The employer has greater control over labour costs and the employee may be motivated by the prospect of a renewable contract.
Temporary work. “Temps” are people who are employed by agencies which send them to different offices for short periods of time to do the job of someone who is ill or on holiday.
Portfolio working means working simultaneously for different employers. Portfolio workers perform a similar role to freelancers with the exception that they complete several different types of work at the same time.

Flexible workbase
Hot desking, also called “location independent working”, is where employees work partly from home and partly at a central office or some other temporary workplace. Workers do not have their own desks, but are allocated work space according to their needs, keeping their personal belongings in lockers or filing cabinets when not in the office.
Teleworking, also called “telecommuting” or “cybercommuting” refers to the practice of working from home using information technology (IT). It is becoming more widespread. Many companies have already discovered the benefits of allowing staff to carry out their daily duties from the comfort of their own homes.
Video and telephone conferencing is the practice of holding a “virtual” meeting or conference. Using modern information technology techniques, people are able to take part in discussion and communicate “face to face” even when they are thousands of kilometres apart. The benefits include a cut in travel expenses and a faster pace of work.

IL CURRICULUM VITAE (concetti teorici) & LETTER OF APPLICATION

di Cuman Manuela

what is a CV? a curriculum vitae or résumé is a documentary record of your education, qualifications and employment history.
when applying for any kind of job you are trying to sell your skills to the employer. the CV is therefore not just a documentary record of your
career to date but also a change to sell yourself.
your CV is your chance and should be as good as you can make it.
how do I write a CV? first think about what makes you a good bet as an employee and what the employer wants. Take a few minutes to plan what you want to write before typing it up.
What writing style should I use?
write in the first person. Stick to the point. an employer wants to identify your key skills and experiences by glancing at your CV.
What to include? a European curriculum vitae has been developed which gives a comprehensive standardized overview of
educational attainments and work experience. the following information should be included.



LETTER OF APPLICATION: when applying for a job, you must include a letter of application with your CV. The purpose of this letter is to:
- make sure the CV arrives on the desk of the appropriate person
- persuade( convincere) the person to read your curriculum
- state the job you are interested in and explain why you want that particular job with that particular company.
The letter is your first introduction, so you should take care that it is planned and presented logically and creates a good impression.

Example of letter:
Via tolstoi 64
20146 milano Applicant’s address
May 5th 2007 Date
The personnel director
SUNTOURS LTD
PO box 795
London NW3 5HD
Inside address
Dear sir/madam Opening salutation
I am writing to apply for the position of tour organiser, which was advertised in La Repubblica on May 3. Source
As you can see from the enclosed CV, I left school five years ago with a diploma from the Istituto Professionale “v.Alfieri” Monza. Qualifications
My first position with central computer srl enabled me to gain invaluable experience in the use of modern office equipment. Previous employment
I have been with my present company, Terrenti & figli, seregno, for 3 years now. In that I have had a lot of experience in dealing with people as well as perfection my secretarial skills. Besides the standard secretarial duties, my work also involves organizing business travel and conferences both in Italy and overseas.
Details of current employment
The main reason I am looking for another position is that I fell the need for a new challenge in my career. Future expectations
As I have to deal increasingly with overseas clients, I have been attending evening classes for the last 2 years in order to improve my English. In addition to this, I can also speak French as I studied it for 3 years at school and have visited France on many occasions.
Relevant skills
With my CV, please find enclosed copies of references from previous employers and my report from the Britannia Language Academy. References to enclousure
I am confident that I have the necessary qualifications and experience for this post and would welcome the opportunity to attend an interview. Request of interview
Yours faithfully Closing salutation
Nadia Cerosa Signature

THE WORLD OF WORK

Di Rocco Palaia.

In the last year the labour market has changed dramatically in all the word.
In the past people had job stability, but little flexibility.
Today the technology had changed the world of work because more people work from home or from distant location.
Permanent long-term jobs are substitutes by short term contracts.
Today the workers want to balance the work and private live and seek a part-time, flexitime or home based work.

THE TREATIES

Di Mingaj Belina

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